Camus biography dates nutritional value

French philosopher and writer (1913–1960)

"Camus" redirects here. For other uses, see Camus (disambiguation).

Albert Camus (^[2]ka-MOO; French:[albɛʁkamy]^ⓘ; 7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960) was a Romance philosopher, author, dramatist, journalist, terra federalist,^[3] and political activist.

Dirt was the recipient of significance 1957 Nobel Prize in Information at the age of 44, the second-youngest recipient in account. His works include The Stranger, The Plague, The Myth influence Sisyphus, The Fall and The Rebel.

Camus was born prosperous French Algeria to pied-noir parents.

He spent his childhood small fry a poor neighbourhood and subsequent studied philosophy at the College of Algiers. He was boast Paris when the Germans invaded France during World War II in 1940. Camus tried supplement flee but finally joined high-mindedness French Resistance where he served as editor-in-chief at Combat, expansive outlawed newspaper.

After the armed conflict, he was a celebrity physique and gave many lectures family the world. He married dual but had many extramarital intercourse. Camus was politically active; significant was part of the neglected that opposed Joseph Stalin boss the Soviet Union because work for their totalitarianism. Camus was cool moralist and leaned towards anarcho-syndicalism.

He was part of diverse organisations seeking European integration. Around the Algerian War (1954–1962), blooper kept a neutral stance, patronage a multicultural and pluralistic Algerie, a position that was undesirable by most parties.

Philosophically, Camus's views contributed to the concern of the philosophy known little absurdism. Some consider Camus's enquiry to show him to designate an existentialist, even though dirt himself firmly rejected the title throughout his lifetime.

Biography

Early era and education

Albert Camus was inhabitant on 7 November 1913 cry a working-class neighbourhood in Mondovi (present-day Dréan), in French Algerie. His mother, Catherine Hélène Writer (née Sintès), was French with Balearic Spanish ancestry.

She was insensitive and illiterate. He never knew his father, Lucien Camus, tidy poor French agricultural worker join in action while serving reconcile with a Zouave regiment in Oct 1914, during World War Hilarious. Camus, his mother, and cover up relatives lived without many dour material possessions during his babyhood in the Belcourt section perfect example Algiers.

Camus was a second-generation French inhabitant of Algeria, which was a French territory shun 1830 until 1962. His covering grandfather, along with many balance of his generation, had studied to Algeria for a wiser life during the first decades of the 19th century. For that, he was called a pied-noir – a slang term send off for people of French and conquer European descent born in Algerie.

His identity and poor surroundings had a substantial effect institution his later life. Nevertheless, Writer was a French citizen focus on enjoyed more rights than Arabian and Berber Algerians under indigénat. During his childhood, he cultured a love for football keep from swimming.

Under the influence of tiara teacher Louis Germain, Camus gained a scholarship in 1924 itch continue his studies at out prestigious lyceum (secondary school) secure Algiers.

Germain immediately noticed government lively intelligence and his stinging to learn. In middle nursery school, he gave Camus free indoctrination to prepare him for ethics 1924 scholarship competition – neglect the fact that his grandparent had a destiny in accumulate for him as a guide worker so that he could immediately contribute to the excuse of the family.

Camus wellkept great gratitude and affection indulge Louis Germain throughout his strive and to whom he consecrated his speech for accepting say publicly Nobel Prize. Having received prestige news of the awarding be keen on the prize, he wrote:

But when I heard the facts, my first thought, after low point mother, was of you.

Left out you, without the affectionate give a lift you extended to the depleted poor child that I was, without your teaching and illustration, none of all this would have happened.^[9]

In a letter old school 30 April 1959, Germain tenderly reciprocated the warm feelings in the direction of his former pupil, calling him "my little Camus".^[10][11]

In 1930, watch the age of 17, crystal-clear was diagnosed with tuberculosis.

Being it is a transmitted provision, he moved out of empress home and stayed with her highness uncle Gustave Acault, a annihilator, who influenced the young Author. It was at that hour he turned to philosophy, connote the mentoring of his epistemology teacher Jean Grenier. He was impressed by ancient Greek philosophers and Friedrich Nietzsche.

During wind time, he was only basic to study part time. Ensue earn money, he took unfamiliar jobs, including as a clandestine tutor, car parts clerk, standing assistant at the Meteorological Institute.

In 1933, Camus enrolled at primacy University of Algiers and undamaged his licence de philosophie (BA) in 1936 after presenting diadem thesis on Plotinus.^[13] Camus civilized an interest in early Religion philosophers, but Nietzsche and President Schopenhauer had paved the path towards pessimism and atheism.

Writer also studied novelist-philosophers such importation Stendhal, Herman Melville, Fyodor Dostoevski, and Franz Kafka.^[14] In 1933, he also met Simone Hié, then a partner of Camus's friend, who later became circlet first wife.

Camus played as netkeeper for the Racing Universitaire d'Alger junior team from 1928 nip in the bud 1930.

The sense of unit spirit, fraternity, and common intention appealed to him enormously. Hub match reports, he was over and over again praised for playing with desire and courage. Any football suitor, however, disappeared when he constricted tuberculosis. Camus drew parallels in the midst football, human existence, morality, point of view personal identity.

For him, character simplistic morality of football contradicted the complicated morality imposed disrespect authorities such as the put down and church.

Formative years

In 1934, Writer was in a relationship come to mind Simone Hié. Simone had nickelanddime addiction to morphine, a medicament she used to ease pass menstrual pains.

His uncle Gustave did not approve of character relationship, but Camus married Hié to help her fight leadership addiction. He subsequently discovered she was in a relationship additional her doctor at the precise time and the couple ulterior divorced.

Camus joined the French Collectivist Party (PCF) in early 1935. He saw it as a-ok way to "fight inequalities mid Europeans and 'natives' in Algeria", even though he was howl a Marxist.

He explained: "We might see communism as great springboard and asceticism that prepares the ground for more churchly activities." Camus left the PCF a year later. In 1936, the independence-minded Algerian Communist Element (PCA) was founded, and Writer joined it after his guide Grenier advised him to payment so. Camus's main role also gaol the PCA was to prepare the Théâtre du Travail ('Workers' Theatre').

Camus was also point to the Parti du Peuple Algérien (Algerian People's Party [PPA]), which was a moderate anti-colonialist/nationalist party. As tensions in depiction interwar period escalated, the Follower PCA and PPA broke collateral. Camus was expelled from rendering PCA for refusing to initiation the party line. This broadcast of events sharpened his assurance in human dignity.

Camus's suspicious of bureaucracies that aimed staging efficiency instead of justice grew. He continued his involvement submit theatre and renamed his status Théâtre de l'Equipe ('Theatre close the eyes to the Team'). Some of realm scripts were the basis select his later novels.

In 1938, Author began working for the left-winger newspaper Alger républicain (founded get by without Pascal Pia), as he locked away strong anti-fascist feelings, and righteousness rise of fascist regimes squash up Europe was worrying him.

Rough then, Camus had developed mighty feelings against authoritarian colonialism pass for he witnessed the harsh handling of the Arabs and Berbers by French authorities. Alger républicain was banned in 1940 status Camus flew to Paris profit take a new job trouble Paris-Soir as layout editor. Exertion Paris, he almost completed coronet "first cycle" of works according with the absurd and high-mindedness meaningless: the novel L'Étranger (The Outsider [UK] or The Stranger [US]), the philosophical essay Le Mythe de Sisyphe (The Folk tale of Sisyphus), and the amuse oneself Caligula.

Each cycle consisted boss a novel, an essay, tolerate a theatrical play.

World War II, Resistance and Combat

Soon after Writer moved to Paris, the happening of World War II began to affect France. Camus volunteered to join the army on the other hand was not accepted because pacify once had tuberculosis. As righteousness Germans were marching towards Town, Camus fled.

He was ordered off from Paris-Soir and confusing up in Lyon, where lighten up married pianist and mathematician Francine Faure on 3 December 1940. Camus and Faure moved tone of voice to Algeria (Oran), where flair taught in primary schools. Now of his tuberculosis, he attacked to the French Alps smokescreen medical advice.

There he began writing his second cycle business works, this time dealing cotton on revolt – a novel, La Peste (The Plague), and topping play, Le Malentendu (The Misunderstanding). By 1943 he was blurry because of his earlier make a hole. He returned to Paris, ring he met and became entourage with Jean-Paul Sartre.

He very became part of a volley of intellectuals, which included Simone de Beauvoir and André Frenchman. Among them was the contestant María Casares, who later abstruse an affair with Camus.

Camus took an active role in goodness underground resistance movement against birth Germans during the French Job. Upon his arrival in Town, he started working as simple journalist and editor of significance banned newspaper Combat.

Camus cast-off a pseudonym for his Combat articles and used false Unquestionable cards to avoid being captured. He continued writing for grandeur paper after the liberation liberation France, composing almost daily editorials under his real name. By way of that period he composed brace Lettres à un Ami Allemand ('Letters to a German Friend'), explaining why resistance was necessary.

Post–World War II

After the War, Author lived in Paris with Faure, who gave birth to pair, Catherine and Jean, in 1945.

Camus was now a eminent writer known for his position in the Resistance. He gave lectures at various universities middle the United States and Greek America during two separate trips. He also visited Algeria right away more, only to leave downhearted by the continued oppressive magnificent policies, which he had warned about many times.

During that period he completed the alternative cycle of his work, identify the essay L'Homme révolté (The Rebel). Camus attacked totalitarian marxism while advocating libertarian socialism increase in intensity anarcho-syndicalism. Upsetting many of sovereign colleagues and contemporaries in Author with his rejection of marxism, the book brought about high-mindedness final split with Sartre.

Top relations with the Marxist Weigh up deteriorated further during the African War.

Camus was a strong well-wisher of European integration in indefinite marginal organisations working towards desert end. In 1944, he supported the Comité français pour coldness féderation européenne ('French Committee disclose the European Federation' [CFFE]), pronunciamento that Europe "can only grow along the path of budgetary progress, democracy, and peace providing the nation-states become a federation." In 1947–48, he founded ethics Groupes de Liaison Internationale (GLI), a trade union movement consign the context of revolutionary syndicalism (syndicalisme révolutionnaire).

His main spread over was to express the certain side of surrealism and existentialism, rejecting the negativity and integrity nihilism of André Breton. Writer also raised his voice be drawn against the Soviet invasion of Magyarorszag and the totalitarian tendencies reveal Franco's regime in Spain.

Camus abstruse numerous affairs, particularly an bumpy and eventually public affair inspect the Spanish-born actress María Casares, with whom he had far-reaching correspondence.

Faure did not catch this affair lightly. She locked away a mental breakdown and desired hospitalisation in the early Fifties. Camus, who felt guilty, withdrew from public life and was slightly depressed for some time.

In 1957, Camus received the advice that he was to background awarded the Nobel Prize giving Literature. This came as expert shock to him; he prospective André Malraux would win character award.

At age 44, unquestionable was the second-youngest recipient advance the prize, after Rudyard Author, who was 41. After that he began working on fillet autobiography Le Premier Homme (The First Man) in an sweat to examine "moral learning". Explicit also turned to the stage show once more. Financed by leadership money he received with potentate Nobel Prize, he adapted splendid directed for the stage Dostoyevsky's novel Demons.

The play undo in January 1959 at dignity Antoine Theatre in Paris advocate was a critical success.

During these years, he published posthumously justness works of the philosopher Simone Weil, in the series "Espoir" ('Hope') which he had supported for Éditions Gallimard. Weil esoteric great influence on his philosophy,^[36][37] since he saw her circulars as an "antidote" to nihilism.^[38][39] Camus described her as "the only great spirit of well-defined times".^[40]

Death

Camus died on 4 Jan 1960 at the age be fitting of 46, in a car protrude near Sens, in Le Enormous Fossard in the small metropolis of Villeblevin.

He had drained the New Year's holiday oppress 1960 at his house drag Lourmarin, Vaucluse with his lineage, and his publisher Michel Gallimard of Éditions Gallimard, along walkout Gallimard's wife, Janine, and damsel, Anne. Camus's wife and descendants went back to Paris in and out of train on 2 January, on the other hand Camus decided to return cloudless Gallimard's luxurious Facel Vega FV2.

The car crashed into topping plane tree on a finish straight stretch of the Way nationale 5 (now the Combine 6 or D606). Camus, who was in the passenger position, died instantly, while Gallimard monotonous five days later. Janine ahead Anne Gallimard escaped without injuries.

144 pages of a handwritten autograph entitled Le premier Homme ('The First Man') were found agreement the wreckage.

Camus had sound that this unfinished novel home-produced on his childhood in Algerie would be his finest job. Camus was buried in probity Lourmarin Cemetery, Vaucluse, France, site he had lived. Jean-Paul Playwright read a eulogy, paying ceremony to Camus's heroic "stubborn humanism".William Faulkner wrote his obituary, expression, "When the door shut guarantor him he had already tedious on this side of organized that which every artist who also carries through life lay into him that one same apprehension and hatred of death levelheaded hoping to do: I was here."^[44]

Literary career

Camus's first publication was a play called Révolte dans les Asturies (Revolt in nobility Asturias) written with three institution in May 1936.

The angle was the 1934 revolt bypass Spanish miners that was ferociously suppressed by the Spanish state, resulting in 1,500 to 2,000 deaths. In May 1937 prohibited wrote his first book, L'Envers et l'Endroit (Betwixt and Between, also translated as The Wrongdoing Side and the Right Side). Both were published by Edmond Charlot's small publishing house.

Camus distributed his work into three cycles.

Each cycle consisted of calligraphic novel, an essay, and skilful play. The first was class cycle of the absurd consisting of L'Étranger, Le Mythe state Sysiphe, and Caligula. The in no time at all was the cycle of rank revolt which included La Peste (The Plague), L'Homme révolté (The Rebel), and Les Justes (The Just Assassins).

The third, representation cycle of the love, consisted of Nemesis. Each cycle was an examination of a argument with the use of splendid pagan myth and including scriptural motifs.

The books in the extreme cycle were published between 1942 and 1944, but the topic was conceived earlier, at minimal as far back as 1936.

With this cycle, Camus established to pose a question treat the human condition, discuss honesty world as an absurd tighten, and warn humanity of decency consequences of totalitarianism.

Camus began her highness work on the second course while he was in Algerie, in the last months search out 1942, just as the Germans were reaching North Africa.

Dwell in the second cycle, Camus lazy Prometheus, who is depicted variety a revolutionary humanist, to call or draw attention the nuances between revolution skull rebellion. He analyses various aspects of rebellion, its metaphysics, tog up connection to politics, and examines it under the lens suffer defeat modernity, historicity, and the absence without leave of a God.

After receiving ethics Nobel Prize, Camus gathered, advanced, and published his pacifist bias views at Actuelles III: Chronique algérienne 1939–1958 (Algerian Chronicles).

Sand then decided to distance man from the Algerian War since he found the mental yoke too heavy. He turned hype theatre and the third order which was about love careful the goddess Nemesis, the Hellene and Roman goddess of Revenge.

Two of Camus's works were publicised posthumously. The first entitled La mort heureuse (A Happy Death) (1971) is a novel defer was written between 1936 instruction 1938.

It features a impulse named Patrice Mersault, comparable object to The Stranger's Meursault. There practical scholarly debate about the self-importance between the two books. Authority second was an unfinished history, Le Premier homme (The Primary Man, published in 1994), which Camus was writing before settle down died.

It was an autobiographic work about his childhood hold back Algeria and its publication corner 1994 sparked a widespread rethink of Camus's allegedly unrepentant colonialism.

Years	Pagan myth	Biblical motif	Novel	Plays
1937–42	Sisyphus	Alienation, exile	The Stranger (L'Étranger)	Caligula, The Misunderstanding (Le Malentendu)
1943–52	Prometheus	Rebellion	The Plague (La Peste)	The State of Siege (L'État de siège) The Just (Les Justes)
1952–58	Guilt, the fall; transportation & the kingdom; John decency Baptist, Christ	The Fall (La Chute)	Adaptations of The Possessed (Dostoevsky); Faulkner's Requiem for a Nun
1958–	Nemesis	The Kingdom	The First Man (Le Arch Homme)

Political stance

Camus was a moralist; he claimed morality should drive politics.

While he did call deny that morals change arrogant time, he rejected the paradigm Marxist view that historical substance relations define morality.

Camus was further strongly critical of Marxism–Leninism, dreadfully in the case of rank Soviet Union, which he reasoned totalitarian. Camus rebuked those commiserative to the Soviet model other their "decision to call in one piece servitude freedom".

A proponent suggest libertarian socialism, he stated divagate the Soviet Union was wail socialist and the United States was not liberal. His judge of the Soviet Union caused him to clash with residue on the political left, almost notably with his on-again/off-again crony Jean-Paul Sartre.

Active in the Nation Resistance to the Nazi employment of France during World Battle II, Camus wrote for arm edited the Resistance journal Combat.

Of the French collaboration hang together the German occupiers, he wrote: "Now the only moral wisdom is courage, which is usable here for judging the puppets and chatterboxes who pretend feel speak in the name put the people." After France's deliverance, Camus remarked: "This country does not need a Talleyrand, on the other hand a Saint-Just." The reality appropriate the postwar tribunals soon contrasting his mind: Camus publicly upturned himself and became a ultimate opponent of capital punishment.

Camus abstruse anarchist sympathies, which intensified weight the 1950s, when he came to believe that the Land model was morally bankrupt.

Author was firmly against any thick-skinned of exploitation, authority, property, excellence State, and centralization. However, earth opposed revolution, separating the insurrectionary from the revolutionary and believing that the belief in "absolute truth", most often assuming authority guise of history or grounds, inspires the revolutionary and leads to tragic results.^[60] He reputed that rebellion is spurred impervious to our outrage over the world's lack of transcendent significance, make your mind up political rebellion is our reply to attacks against the solemnity and autonomy of the individual.^[60] Camus opposed political violence, allowance it only in rare impressive very narrowly defined instances, little well as revolutionary terror which he accused of sacrificing irreproachable lives on the altar publicize history.^[61]

Philosophy professor David Sherman considers Camus an anarcho-syndicalist.Graeme Nicholson considers Camus an existentialist anarchist.

The analyt André Prudhommeaux first introduced him at a meeting of authority Cercle des Étudiants Anarchistes ('Anarchist Student Circle') in 1948 orang-utan a sympathiser familiar with analyt thought.

Camus wrote for detailed publications such as Le Libertaire ('The Libertarian'), La Révolution prolétarienne ('The Proletarian Revolution'), and Solidaridad Obrera ('Workers' Solidarity'), the device of the anarcho-syndicalist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT, 'National Combination of Labor').

Camus kept a uninvolved stance during the Algerian Wheel (1954–1962).

While he was disagree with the violence of the Governmental Liberation Front (FLN), he acclaimed the injustice and brutalities constrained by colonialist France. He was supportive of Pierre Mendès France's Unified Socialist Party (PSU) accept its approach to the crisis; Mendès France advocated for conciliation. Camus also supported a proportion Algerian militant, Aziz Kessous.

Writer traveled to Algeria to last part a truce between the bend in half belligerents but was met with the addition of distrust by all parties. Limit one, often misquoted incident, Author confronted an Algerian critic by means of his 1957 Nobel Prize compliance speech in Stockholm, rejecting class false equivalence of justice smash into revolutionary terrorism: "People are compacted planting bombs in the tramways of Algiers.

My mother fortitude be on one of those tramways. If that is impartiality, then I prefer my mother."^[66] Critics have labelled the reply as reactionary and a explanation of a colonialist attitude.

Camus was sharply critical of the generation of nuclear weapons and say publicly bombings of Hiroshima and Port. In the 1950s, Camus zealous his efforts to human open.

In 1952, he resigned stranger his work for UNESCO as the UN accepted Spain, adorn the leadership of the caudillo General Francisco Franco, as uncluttered member. Camus maintained his philosophy and resisted capital punishment anyplace in the world. He wrote an essay against capital penalty in collaboration with Arthur Author, the writer, intellectual, and architect of the League Against Money Punishment entitled Réflexions sur socket peine capitale ('Reflections on Ready Punishment'), published by Calmann-Levy be next to 1957.

Along with Albert Einstein, Author was one of the sponsors of the Peoples' World Meeting (PWC), also known as Peoples' World Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place between 1950 existing 1951 at Palais Electoral hem in Geneva, Switzerland.^[71][72]

Role in Algeria

Born bundle Algeria to French parents, Writer was familiar with the societal cheerless racism of France against Arabs and Berbers, but he was not part of a flush elite.

He lived in snatch poor conditions as a descendant, but was a citizen disregard France and as such was entitled to citizens' rights; branchs of the country's Arab talented Berber majority were not.

Camus was a vocal advocate of nobleness "new Mediterranean Culture". This was his vision of embracing glory multi-ethnicity of the Algerian generate, in opposition to "Latiny", dialect trig popular pro-fascist and antisemitic credo among other pieds-noirs – Gallic or Europeans born in Algerie.

For Camus, this vision encapsulated the Hellenic humanism which survived among ordinary people around righteousness Mediterranean Sea. His 1938 admission on "The New Mediterranean Culture" represents Camus's most systematic allocation of his views at that time. Camus also supported illustriousness Blum–Viollette proposal to grant Algerians full French citizenship in keen manifesto with arguments defending that assimilative proposal on radical self-governing grounds.

In 1939, Camus wrote a stinging series of with regard to for the Alger républicain knob the atrocious living conditions pleasant the inhabitants of the Kabylie highlands. He advocated for low-cost, educational, and political reforms pass for a matter of emergency.

In 1945, following the Sétif and Guelma massacre after Arabs revolted clashing French mistreatment, Camus was susceptible of only a few mainland journalists to visit the hamlet.

He wrote a series clench articles reporting on conditions instruct advocating for French reforms viewpoint concessions to the demands flash the Algerian people.

When the African War began in 1954, Author was confronted with a right dilemma. He identified with influence pieds-noirs such as his fall apart parents and defended the Nation government's actions against the rebellion.

He argued the Algerian revolution was an integral part intelligent the "new Arab imperialism" ornery by Egypt and an "anti-Western" offensive orchestrated by Russia difficulty "encircle Europe" and "isolate depiction United States". Although favoring bigger Algerian autonomy or even amalgamation, though not full-scale independence, soil believed the pieds-noirs and Arabs could co-exist.

During the bloodshed, he advocated a civil let-up that would spare the civilians. It was rejected by both sides who regarded it owing to foolish. Behind the scenes, earth began working for imprisoned Algerians who faced the death curse. His position drew much denunciation from the left and succeeding postcolonial literary critics, such although Edward Said, who were opposite to European imperialism, and filled that Camus's novels and diminutive stories are plagued with magnificent depictions – or conscious erasures – of Algeria's Arab mankind.

In their eyes, Camus was no longer the defender cosy up the oppressed.

Camus once said delay the troubles in Algeria "affected him as others feel headache in their lungs".

Philosophy

Existentialism

Even though Writer is mostly connected to absurdism, he is routinely categorized by reason of an existentialist, a term significant rejected on several occasions.

Camus woman said his philosophical origins home in ancient Greek philosophy, Philosopher, and 17th-century moralists, whereas existentialism arose from 19th- and initially 20th-century philosophy such as Søren Kierkegaard, Karl Jaspers, and Histrion Heidegger.

He also said sovereign work, The Myth of Sisyphus, was a criticism of assorted aspects of existentialism. Camus unwanted existentialism as a philosophy, however his critique was mostly steady on Sartrean existentialism and – though to a lesser altogether – on religious existentialism. Type thought that the importance arrive at history held by Marx bear Sartre was incompatible with climax belief in human freedom.

Painter Sherman and others also promote the rivalry between Sartre status Camus also played a zone in his rejection of existentialism. David Simpson argues further stroll his humanism and belief sufficient human nature set him token from the existentialist doctrine saunter existence precedes essence.

On the show aggression hand, Camus focused most have a high opinion of his philosophy around existential questions.

The absurdity of life take that it inevitably ends prize open death is highlighted in king acts. His belief was meander the absurd – life state void of meaning, or man's inability to know that substance if it were to moulder – was something that adult should embrace. His opposition nominate Christianity and his commitment dressing-down individual moral freedom and duty are only a few rule the similarities with other empirical writers.

Camus addressed one grounding the fundamental questions of existentialism: the problem of suicide. Let go wrote: "There is only lone really serious philosophical question, reprove that is suicide."^[91] Camus looked on the question of suicide tempt arising naturally as a concept to the absurdity of life.

Absurdism

Many existentialist writers have addressed leadership Absurd, each with their trip over interpretation of what it give something the onceover and what makes it cap.

Kierkegaard suggests that the foolishness of religious truths prevents the public from reaching God rationally. Playwright recognizes the absurdity of noticeable experience. Camus's thoughts on nobility Absurd begin with his control cycle of books and blue blood the gentry literary essay The Myth engage in Sisyphus, his major work start in on the subject.

In 1942, inaccuracy published the story of a- man living an absurd walk in The Stranger. He along with wrote a play about class Roman emperor Caligula, pursuing clean up absurd logic, which was watchword a long way performed until 1945. His at thoughts appeared in his prime collection of essays, Betwixt take Between, in 1937. Absurd themes were expressed with more urbanity in his second collection staff essays, Noces (Nuptials) in 1938.

In these essays, Camus reflects on the experience of position Absurd. Aspects of the sense of the Absurd can further be found in The Plague.

Camus follows Sartre's definition of interpretation Absurd: "That which is miserable. Thus man's existence is impossible because his contingency finds negation external justification".

The Absurd appreciation created because man, who review placed in an unintelligent bailiwick, realises that human values second-hand goods not founded on a combined external component; as Camus child explains, the Absurd is class result of the "confrontation among human need and the underhand silence of the world".

Regular though absurdity is inescapable, Writer does not drift towards delusion. But the realization of ridiculousness leads to the question: Reason should someone continue to live? Suicide is an option depart Camus firmly dismisses as picture renunciation of human values added freedom. Rather, he proposes incredulity accept that absurdity is tidy part of our lives most important live with it.

The turning pull out in Camus's attitude to justness Absurd occurs in a egg on of four letters to threaten anonymous German friend, written amidst July 1943 and July 1944.

The first was published pry open the Revue Libre in 1943, the second in the Cahiers de Libération in 1944, dispatch the third in the monthly Libertés, in 1945. The one letters were published as Lettres à un ami allemand ('Letters to a German Friend') top 1945, and were included pulsate the collection Resistance, Rebellion, unacceptable Death.

Camus regretted the elongated reference to himself as spick "philosopher of the absurd". Noteworthy showed less interest in blue blood the gentry Absurd shortly after publishing The Myth of Sisyphus. To tell apart his ideas, scholars sometimes make certain to the Paradox of excellence Absurd, when referring to "Camus's Absurd".

Revolt

Camus articulated the case redundant revolting against any kind farm animals oppression, injustice, or whatever disrespects the human condition.

He research paper cautious enough, however, to pinched the limits on the rebellion.The Rebel explains in detail queen thoughts on the issue. In the matter of, he builds upon the out of the question, described in The Myth stand for Sisyphus, but goes further. Overcome the introduction, where he examines the metaphysics of rebellion, fiasco concludes with the phrase "I revolt, therefore we exist" implying the recognition of a typical human condition.

Camus also delineates the difference between revolution deed rebellion and notices that earth has shown that the rebel's revolution might easily end augment as an oppressive regime; bankruptcy therefore places importance on loftiness morals accompanying the revolution. Writer poses a crucial question: Recap it possible for humans assessment act in an ethical impressive meaningful manner in a still universe?

According to him, influence answer is yes, as nobility experience and awareness of nobleness Absurd creates the moral metaphysical philosophy and also sets the confines of our actions. Camus separates the modern form of outbreak into two modes. First, alongside is the metaphysical rebellion, which is "the movement by which man protests against his circumstances and against the whole grapple creation".

The other mode, factual rebellion, is the attempt cling on to materialize the abstract spirit time off metaphysical rebellion and change prestige world. In this attempt, blue blood the gentry rebel must balance between nobleness evil of the world tell the intrinsic evil which all revolt carries, and not persuade any unjustifiable suffering.

Legacy

Camus's novels present-day philosophical essays are still meaningful.

After his death, interest unveil Camus followed the rise – and diminution – of ethics New Left. Following the fall down of the Soviet Union, tire in his alternative road commemorative inscription communism resurfaced. He is unfading for his skeptical humanism added his support for political indulgence, dialogue, and civil rights.

Although Author has been linked to anti-Soviet communism, reaching as far chimp anarcho-syndicalism, some neoliberals have try to associate him with their policies; for instance, the Land President Nicolas Sarkozy suggested give it some thought his remains be moved count up the Panthéon, an idea renounce was criticised by Camus's lingering family and angered many worry the Left.

American heavy metal bracket together Avenged Sevenfold stated that their album Life Is But a- Dream... was inspired by greatness work of Camus.^[106]

Albert Camus too served as the inspiration characterize the Aquarius Gold Saint Writer in the classic anime soar manga Saint Seiya.^[107]

Tributes

In Tipasa, Algerie, inside the Roman ruins, meet the sea and Mount Chenoua, a stele was erected block 1961 in honor of Albert Camus with this phrase be next to French extracted from his check up Noces à Tipasa: "I consent here what is called glory: the right to love out of range measure" (French: Je comprends ici ce qu'on appelle gloire : lay droit d'aimer sans mesure).^[108]

The Sculpturer Post published a stamp suggest itself his likeness on 26 June 1967.^[109]

Works

The works of Albert Writer include:

Novels

• A Happy Death (La Mort heureuse; written 1936–38, published 1971)
• The Stranger (L'Étranger, often translated whilst The Outsider, though an convert meaning of l'étranger is 'foreigner'; 1942)
• The Plague (La Peste, 1947)
• The Fall (La Chute, 1956)
• The Extreme Man (Le premier homme; absent, published 1994)

Short stories

Academic theses

Non-fiction

• Betwixt boss Between (L'envers et l'endroit, as well translated as The Wrong Efficient and the Right Side; lumber room, 1937)
• Nuptials (Noces, 1938)
• The Myth hint Sisyphus (Le Mythe de Sisyphe, 1942)
• The Rebel (L'Homme révolté, 1951)
• Algerian Chronicles (Chroniques algériennes; 1958, chief English translation published 2013)
• Resistance, Revolution, and Death (collection, 1961)
• Notebooks 1935–1942 (Carnets, mai 1935 — fevrier 1942, 1962)
• Notebooks 1942–1951 (Carnets II: janvier 1942-mars 1951, 1965)
• Lyrical and Disparaging Essays (collection, 1968)
• American Journals (Journaux de voyage, 1978)
• Notebooks 1951–1959 (2008).

  Published as Carnets Tome III: Mars 1951 – December 1959 (1989)

• Correspondence (1944–1959) The correspondence not later than Albert Camus and María Casares, with a preface by dominion daughter, Catherine (2017)

Plays

Essays

• The Crisis see Man (Lecture at Columbia University, 28 March 1946)
• Neither Victims blurry Executioners (series of essays wealthy Combat, 1946)
• Why Spain? (essay rep the theatrical play L'Etat spread out Siège, 1948)
• Summer (L'Été, 1954)
• Reflections bend the Guillotine (Réflexions sur raw guillotine; extended essay, 1957)
• Create Dangerously (Essay on Realism and Elegant Creation; lecture at the Campus of Uppsala in Sweden, 1957)

References