Biography on triangle shirtwaist factory owners

1911 fire wring New York City

The Triangle Shirtwaister Factory fire in the Borough Village neighborhood of Manhattan, Modern York City, on Saturday, Strut 25, 1911, was the deadliest industrial disaster in the story of the city, and song of the deadliest in U.S.

history.^[1] The fire caused illustriousness deaths of 146 garment workers—123 women and girls and 23 men^[2]—who died from the holocaust, smoke inhalation, falling, or aware to their deaths. Most uphold the victims were recent European or Jewish immigrant women obtain girls aged 14 to 23;^[3][4] of the victims whose end up are known, the oldest injured party was 43-year-old Providenza Panno submit the youngest were 14-year-olds Kate Leone and Rosaria "Sara" Maltese.^[5]

The factory was located on integrity 8th, 9th, and 10th floors of the Asch Building, which had been built in 1901.

Later renamed the "Brown Building", it still stands at 23–29 Washington Place near Washington Territory Park, on the New Dynasty University (NYU) campus.^[6] The property has been designated a Delicate Historic Landmark and a Spanking York City landmark.^[7]

Because the doors to the stairwells and exits were locked^[1][8]—a common practice afterwards the time to prevent employees from taking unauthorized breaks discipline to reduce theft^[9]—many of honourableness workers could not escape elude the burning building and jumped from the high windows.

Thither were no sprinklers in honourableness building.^[10] The fire led give somebody no option but to legislation requiring improved factory defence standards and helped spur rectitude growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU), which fought for better working environment for sweatshop workers.

Background

The Trigon Waist Company^[11] factory occupied righteousness 8th, 9th, and 10th floors of the 10-story Asch House on the northwest corner forfeiture Greene Street and Washington Indecorous, just east of Washington Sphere Park, in the Greenwich Peculiar neighborhood of New York Single-mindedness.

Under the ownership of Development Blanck and Isaac Harris, rendering factory produced women's blouses, be revealed as "shirtwaists". The factory usually employed about 500 workers, more often than not young Italian and Jewish planter women and girls, who unnatural nine hours a day reveal weekdays plus seven hours the wrong way Saturdays,^[12] earning for their 52 hours of work between $7 and $12 a week,^[9] nobleness equivalent of $229 to $392 a week in 2023 bills, or $4.77 to $8.17 provide evidence hour.^[13]

Fire

At approximately 4:40 pm on Weekday, March 25, 1911, as character workday was ending, a ablaze flared up in a fragment bin under one of rendering cutter's tables at the northeasterly corner of the 8th floor.^[14] The first fire alarm was sent at 4:45 pm by clean up passerby on Washington Place who saw smoke coming from rectitude 8th floor.^[15] Both owners show signs of the factory were in contemporary and had invited their line to the factory on renounce afternoon.^[16]

The Fire Marshal concluded deviate the likely cause of significance fire was the disposal look up to an unextinguished match or gasper butt in a scrap number containing two months' worth disregard accumulated cuttings.^[17] Beneath the board in the wooden bin were hundreds of pounds of rubbish left over from the a number of thousand shirtwaists that had archaic cut at that table.

Influence scraps piled up from character last time the bin was emptied, coupled with the line fabrics that surrounded it; justness steel trim was the single thing that was not decidedly flammable.^[14]

Although smoking was banned confine the factory, cutters were illustrious to sneak cigarettes, exhaling illustriousness smoke through their lapels be adjacent to avoid detection.^[18] A New Royalty Times article suggested that grandeur fire had been started emergency the engines running the stitching machines.

A series of spell in Collier's noted a model of arson among certain sectors of the garment industry whenever their particular product fell develop of fashion or had balance inventory in order to accumulate insurance. The Insurance Monitor, clean up leading industry journal, observed consider it shirtwaists had recently fallen smooth out of fashion, and that safety measure anticipa for manufacturers of them was "fairly saturated with moral hazard".

Although Blanck and Harris were known for having had unite previous suspicious fires at their companies, arson was not implicated in this case.^[16]

A bookkeeper part the 8th floor was fкted to warn employees on depiction 10th floor via telephone, on the other hand there was no audible danger- and no way to link with staff on the 9th floor.^[19] According to survivor Yetta Lubitz, the first warning of representation fire on the 9th boarding arrived at the same put on ice as the fire itself.^[20]

Although loftiness floor had a number good buy exits, including two freight elevators, a fire escape, and stairways down to Greene Street innermost Washington Place, flames prevented lecturers from descending the Greene Way stairway, and the door run into the Washington Place stairway was locked to prevent theft emergency the workers; the locked doors allowed managers to check influence women's purses.^[21] Various historians take also ascribed the exit doors being locked to management's short to keep out union organizers because of management's anti-union bias.^[22][23][24] The foreman who held greatness stairway door key had by then escaped by another route.^[25] Scores of employees escaped the enthusiasm by going up the Writer Street stairway to the shack.

Other survivors were able hurtle jam themselves into the elevators for as long as they continued to operate.^[26]

Within three lately of the fire starting, rank Greene Street stairway became unserviceable in both directions.^[27] Terrified workers crowded onto the single extrinsic fire escape—which city officials challenging allowed Asch to erect preferably of the required third staircase^[14]—a flimsy and poorly anchored firm structure that may have as of now been broken before the eagerness.

It soon twisted and decayed from the heat and load up, spilling about 20 victims just about 100 feet (30 m) to their deaths on the concrete walkway below. The remainder of dignity victims jumped to their deaths to escape the fire copycat were eventually overcome by emit and flames.

The fire bureau arrived quickly but was incapable to stop the flames, importance the department's ladders were progressive enough to reach only similarly high as the 7th floor.^[1] The fallen bodies and rolling victims also made it strenuous for the fire department advance approach the building.

Elevator operators Joseph Zito^[28] and Gaspar Mortillaro saved many lives by motion three times up to authority 9th floor for passengers, nevertheless Mortillaro was eventually forced cut into give up when the banister of his elevator buckled mess the heat. Some victims pried the elevator doors open sit jumped into the empty close off, trying to slide down probity cables or to land modernization top of the car.

Rectitude weight and impacts of these bodies warped the elevator motor car and made it impossible bare Zito to make another essay.

William Gunn Shepherd, a hack at the tragedy, would speak, "I learned a new clangor that day, a sound make more complicated horrible than description can picture—the thud of a speeding run body on a stone sidewalk".^[29] A large crowd of bystanders gathered on the street, witnessing 62 people jumping or smooth to their deaths from righteousness burning building.^[30]Louis Waldman, later tidy New York Socialist state proxy, described the scene years later:^[31]

One Saturday afternoon in March hold sway over that year – March 25, to hide precise – I was sitting at sharpen of the reading tables pop into the old Astor Library.

... It was a raw, ill-natured day and the comfortable visualize room seemed a delightful dwell in to spend the remaining hours until the library squinched. I was deeply engrossed train in my book when I became aware of fire engines stimulate past the building. By that time I was sufficiently Americanized to be fascinated by glory sound of fire engines.

Advance with several others in representation library, I ran out require see what was happening, allow followed crowds of people tote up the scene of the flush.

A few blocks away, integrity Asch Building at the crinkle of Washington Place and Author Street was ablaze. When astonishment arrived at the scene, justness police had thrown up tidy cordon around the area captivated the firemen were helplessly contention the blaze.

The eighth, ordinal, and tenth stories of leadership building were now an ginormous roaring cornice of flames.

Word had spread through the Eastern Side, by some magic in shape terror, that the plant most recent the Triangle Waist Company was on fire and that indefinite hundred workers were trapped. Alarmed and helpless, the crowds – I in the midst them – looked up at the sincere building, saw girl after young lady appear at the reddened windows, pause for a terrified temporary halt, and then leap to position pavement below, to land restructuring mangled, bloody pulp.

This went on for what seemed spick ghastly eternity. Occasionally a lass who had hesitated too scrape by was licked by pursuing combustion and, screaming with clothing take up hair ablaze, plunged like precise living torch to the concourse. Life nets held by honesty firemen were torn by glory impact of the falling parsimonious.

The emotions of illustriousness crowd were indescribable. Women were hysterical, scores fainted; men not possible as, in paroxysms of passion, they hurled themselves against authority police lines.

• An internal staircase hassle the Asch building

• Street in have an advantage of the Asch Building

• Police personnel and fire fighters check accommodate signs of life and muster personal items from victims hint at the Triangle fire.

• A wrapped cadaver being lowered by rope unearth the Asch Building after birth Triangle fire

Aftermath

Although early estimates confront the death toll ranged let alone 141^[32] to 148,^[33] almost go into battle modern references agree that 146 people died as a appear in of the fire: 123 platoon and girls and 23 men.^{[34][35][36][37][38][39][40]} Most victims died of comedian, asphyxiation, blunt impact injuries, financial support a combination of the three.^[41]

The first person to jump was a man, and another fellow was seen kissing a green woman at a window previously they both jumped to their deaths.^[42]

Bodies of victims were inane to Charities Pier (also styled Misery Lane), located at Twenty-sixth Street and the East Issue, for identification by friends increase in intensity relatives.^[43] Victims were interred crush 16 different cemeteries.^[34] Twenty-two clowns of the fire were coffined by the Hebrew Free Funeral Association^[44] in a special branch at Mount Richmond Cemetery.

Pride some instances, their tombstones make certain to the fire.^[45] Six clowns remained unidentified until 2011, what because Michael Hirsch, a historian, primed four years of researching journal articles and other sources used for missing persons and was amenable to identify each of them by name.^[34][35] Those six casualties were buried together in character Cemetery of the Evergreens affluent Brooklyn.

Originally interred elsewhere take upon yourself the grounds, their remains these days lie beneath a monument hold on to the tragedy, a large statuette slab featuring a kneeling woman.^[34][46][47]

Consequences

The company's owners, Max Blanck concentrate on Isaac Harris—both Jewish immigrants^[48]—who survived the fire by fleeing connection the building's roof when undertaking began, were indicted on levy of first- and second-degree murder in mid-April; the pair's testing began on December 4, 1911.^[49]Max Steuer, counsel for the defendants, managed to destroy the believability of one of the survivors, Kate Alterman, by asking scratch to repeat her testimony smart number of times, which she did without altering key phrases.

Steuer argued to the temporary that Alterman and possibly provoke witnesses had memorized their statements and might even have anachronistic told what to say soak the prosecutors. The prosecution brimming that the owners knew put off the exit doors were safe and sound at the time in meticulously. The investigation found that character locks were intended to tweak locked during working hours home-made on the findings from prestige fire,^[50] but the defense flexed that the prosecution failed slam prove that the owners knew that.^[51] The jury acquitted primacy two men of first- tell off second-degree manslaughter, but they were found liable of wrongful grip during a subsequent civil civilized in 1913 in which plaintiffs were awarded compensation in magnanimity amount of $75 per inanimate victim.^[52][53][54] The insurance company receive Blanck and Harris about $60,000 more than the reported fatalities, or about $400 per casualty.^[55]

Rose Schneiderman, a prominent socialist current union activist, gave a discourse at the memorial meeting taken aloof in the Metropolitan Opera Studio on April 2, 1911, stop an audience largely made artifice of members of the Women's Trade Union League.

She reachmedown the fire as an disagreement for factory workers to organize:^[56]

I would be a traitor revoke these poor burned bodies assuming I came here to smooth talk good fellowship. We have proved you good people of blue blood the gentry public and we have crumb you wanting... We have timetested you citizens; we are not smooth you now, and you keep a couple of dollars go for the sorrowing mothers, brothers, significant sisters by way of far-out charity gift.

But every sicken the workers come out notes the only way they bring up to date to protest against conditions which are unbearable, the strong adjacent of the law is constitutional to press down heavily plow into us.

Public officials have unique words of warning to us-warning that we must be greatly peaceable, and they have primacy workhouse just back of make a racket their warnings.

The strong uplift of the law beats convict back, when we rise, sting the conditions that make people unbearable.

I can't coax fellowship to you who barren gathered here. Too much citizens has been spilled. I have a collection of from my experience it job up to the working group to save themselves. The way they can save being is by a strong joe bloggs movement.^[57]

Others in the community, endure in particular in the ILGWU,^[58] believed that political reform could help.

In New York Warrant, a Committee on Public Safeguarding was formed, headed by spectator Frances Perkins^[59]—who 22 years subsequent would be appointed United States Secretary of Labor—to identify distinct problems and lobby for virgin legislation, such as the tab to grant workers shorter noontime in a work week, get around as the "54-hour Bill".

Picture committee's representatives in Albany transmitted copied the backing of Tammany Hall's Al Smith, the Majority Ruler of the Assembly, and Parliamentarian F. Wagner, the Majority Controller of the Senate, and that collaboration of machine politicians pole reformers—also known as "do-gooders" referee "goo-goos"—got results, especially since Tammany's chief, Charles F.

Murphy, realize the goodwill to be locked away as champion of the downtrodden.^[9]

The New York State Legislature bolster created the Factory Investigating Empowerment to "investigate factory conditions spitting image this and other cities queue to report remedial measures decompose legislation to prevent hazard above loss of life among organization through fire, unsanitary conditions, come first occupational diseases."^[60] The Commission was chaired by Wagner and co-chaired by Al Smith.

They reserved a series of widely exposed investigations around the state, interviewing 222 witnesses and taking 3,500 pages of testimony. They leased field agents to do on-site inspections of factories. They in motion with the issue of show signs safety and moved on analysis broader issues of the rumination of injury in the plant environment. Their findings led offer thirty-eight new laws regulating class in New York state, last gave them a reputation whilst leading progressive reformers working policy behalf of the working crowd.

In the process, they varied Tammany's reputation from mere immorality to progressive endeavors to element the workers.^[61][62] New York City's Fire Chief John Kenlon phonetic the investigators that his fork had identified more than Cardinal factories where conditions made top-notch fire like that at primacy Triangle Factory possible.^[63] The Indict Commissions's reports helped modernize picture state's labor laws, making Unique York State "one of birth most progressive states in status of labor reform."^[64][65] New list mandated better building access professor egress, fireproofing requirements, the handiness of fire extinguishers, the investiture equipment of alarm systems and selfregulating sprinklers, and better eating standing toilet facilities for workers, near limited the number of that women and children could work.^[66] From 1911 to 1913, 60 of the 64 original laws recommended by the Bureau were legislated with the ratiocination of Governor William Sulzer.^[9]

As a-okay result of the fire, blue blood the gentry American Society of Safety Professionals was founded in New Dynasty City on October 14, 1911.^[67]

Harris and Blanck, after their absolution, worked to rebuild their precipitous, opening a factory at Ordinal Street and Fifth Avenue.^[68] Satisfaction the summer of 1913, Blanck was once again arrested apportion locking the door in grandeur factory during working hours.

Agreed was fined $20, which was the minimum amount the tight could be.^[69]

In 1918, the yoke partners closed the Triangle Area Company and went their separate the wheat from ways. Harris resumed working sort a tailor, while Blanck prickly up other companies with her majesty brothers, the most prominent presentation which was Normandy Waist People, which earned a modest profit.^[70]

Legacy

The last living survivor of rank fire was Rose Freedman, née Rosenfeld, who died in Beverly Hills, California, on February 15, 2001, at the age influence 107.

She was two life away from her 18th delight at the time of high-mindedness fire, which she survived rough following the company's executives move being rescued from the setup of the building.^[71] As unadorned result of her experience, she became a lifelong supporter all but unions.^[72]

On September 16, 2019, U.S.

Senator Elizabeth Warren delivered pure speech in Washington Square Recreation ground supporting her presidential campaign, dexterous few blocks from the go back over of the Triangle Shirtwaist Subtle fire.^[73] Sen. Warren recounted greatness story of the fire come first its legacy before a collection of supporters, likening activism care workers' rights after the 1911 fire to her own statesmanlike platform.^[74][75]

Remember the Triangle Fire Coalition

The Remember the Triangle Fire Coalition is an alliance of author than 200 organizations and community formed in 2008 to hypothesis and coordinate nationwide activities commemorative the centennial of the fire^[76] and to create a immovable public art memorial to sanctify its victims.^[77][78] The founding partners included Workers United, the Virgin York City Fire Museum, Newborn York University (the current proprietor of the building), Workmen's Pennon, Museum at Eldridge Street, grandeur Greenwich Village Society for Noteworthy Preservation, the Lower East Sidelong Tenement Museum, the Gotham Spirit for New York City Scenery, the Bowery Poetry Club become peaceful others.

Members of the Organization include arts organizations, schools, workers’ rights groups, labor unions, mortal rights and women's rights aggregations, ethnic organizations, historical preservation societies, activists, and scholars, as famously as families of the dupes and survivors.^[79]

The Coalition grew get it of a public art effort called Chalk, created by Another York City filmmaker Ruth Sergel.^[80] Every year beginning in 2004, Sergel and volunteer artists went across New York City pay attention to the anniversary of the enthusiasm to inscribe in chalk decency names, ages, and causes regard death of the victims superimpose front of their former dwellings, often including drawings of flower, tombstones, or a triangle.^[76][81]

Centennial

From July 2009 to the weeks hero up to the 100th tribute, the Coalition served as tidy clearinghouse to organize some Cardinal activities as varied as lettered conferences, films, theater performances, sharp shows, concerts, readings, awareness campaigns, walking tours, and parades dump were held in and spend time with New York City and reconcile other cities across the judgment, including San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago, Minneapolis, Boston, and General, D.C.^[76]

The ceremony, which was taken aloof in front of the belongings where the fire took intertwine, was preceded by a walk through Greenwich Village by billions of people, some carrying shirtwaists—women's blouses—on poles, with sashes ceremonial the names of those who died in the fire.

Speakers included the United States Dispose of Labor, Hilda L. Solis, U.S. Senator Charles Schumer, Advanced York City Mayor Michael Heed. Bloomberg, the actor Danny Glover, and Suzanne Pred Bass, glory grandniece of Rosie Weiner, clean up young woman killed in decency blaze. Most of the speakers that day called for righteousness strengthening of workers’ rights put up with organized labor.^[82][83]

At 4:45 pm EST, authority moment the first fire mistake was sounded in 1911, account for of bells rang out thud cities and towns across rank nation.

For this commemorative fascinate, the Remember the Triangle Shine Coalition organized hundreds of churches, schools, fire houses, and ormal individuals in the New Dynasty City region and across rectitude nation. On its website, honesty Coalition maintains a national project denoting each of the conspirator that rang that afternoon.^[84]

Memorial cede Manhattan

Main article: Triangle Fire Memorial

The Coalition launched a successful hindrance to create a permanent catholic artmemorial for the Triangle Shirtwaister Factory fire at the intention of the 1911 fire get lower Manhattan.

In 2011, description Coalition established that the goals of the permanent memorial would be^{[citation needed]}

• to honor the reminiscence of those who died be bereaved the fire;
• to affirm the aristocracy of all workers;
• to value women's work;
• to remember the movement rationalize worker safety and social incorruptibility stirred by this tragedy; and
• to inspire future generations of activists.

In 2012, the Coalition signed program agreement with NYU that although the organization permission to initiate a memorial on the Brownish Building and, in consultation gather the Landmarks Preservation Commission, associated with what elements of the shop could be incorporated into significance design.

Architectural designer Ernesto Martinez directed an international competition muster the design. A jury decelerate representatives from fashion, public ingenuity, design, architecture, and labor life reviewed 170 entries from modernize than 30 countries and elect a spare yet powerful think of by Richard Joon Yoo tolerate Uri Wegman.^[85] On December 22, 2015, New York Governor Saint Cuomo announced that $1.5 million devour state economic development funds would be earmarked to build goodness Triangle Fire Memorial.^[86]

The memorial includes a steel ribbon descending stranger the building, before splitting fascinated two horizontal ribbons, twelve boundary above street level, on leadership corner of the building.^[87][88][89] Loftiness ribbons are meant to call up mourning ribbons, which were customarily draped on building facades saturate communities in mourning.^[90] The near ribbons list the names come first ages of all 146 casualties, with the letters and figures formed as holes in goodness steel.^[91][92] For married women, both their birth names and united names are included, in substance to highlight the family exchange ideas between victims.^[87]

Under the ribbon review a reflective panel, allowing band to see the sky way the letters and numbers get back the ribbon.^[90][89] The reflective committee also contains quotes from eyewitnesses about the event, in Country, Italian, and Yiddish, reflecting illustriousness backgrounds of the victims.^[91][92][89] Choice panel includes a description pattern the event and its energy, also written in English, European, and Yiddish.^[93]

The memorial was properly unveiled on October 11, 2023, more than a century tail end the fire occurred.^[92][93]

An additional perpendicular steel ribbon was installed cut June 2024; it extends tote up the side of the chattels, dividing into two at goodness third floor, and eventually achievement the ninth floor, where distinct of the workers were cornered and from which many jumped.^[91][92][94]

Mt.

Zion Cemetery Memorial

A memorial "of the Ladies Waist and Freedom Makers Union Local No 25" was erected in Mt. Rapture Cemetery in Maspeth, Queens (40°44'2" N 73°54'11" W). It pump up a series of stone columns holding a large cross glisten.

Sohail sameer with little woman and children

Much of influence writing is no longer comprehensible due to erosion.

Plaques

Three plaques on the southeast corner unscrew the Brown Building commemorate loftiness women and men who strayed their lives in the earnestness.

In popular culture

Films and television

• The Crime of Carelessness (1912), 14-minute Thomas A.

  Edison, Inc. accordingly inspired by the Triangle Second best fire, directed by James Oppenheim

• With These Hands (1950), directed newborn Jack Arnold
• The Triangle Factory Show signs Scandal (1979), directed by Donnybrook Stuart, produced by Mel Brez and Ethel Brez
• American Pop (1981), an adult animated musical spectacle film written by Ronni Composer and directed by Ralph Bakshi features a scene taking warning in the fire.
• Those Who Recognize Don't Tell: The Ongoing Wrangle with for Workers' Health (1990), reprimand by Abby Ginzberg, narrated wedge Studs Terkel^[95]
• Episode 4 of Ric Burns' 1999 PBS series New York: A Documentary Film, "The Power and the People (1898–1918)", extensively covered the fire.
• The Livelihood Century: Three Miracles (2001) premiered on PBS, focusing on position life of 107-year-old Rose Freedwoman (died 2001), who became prestige last living survivor of grandeur fire.^[72]
• American Experience: Triangle Fire (2011), documentary produced and directed unwelcoming Jamila Wignot, narrated by Archangel Murphy^[96]
• Triangle: Remembering the Fire (2011) premiered on HBO on Strut 21, four days short all but the 100th anniversary.^[97]
• In season 3 episode 7 of SyFy Short-term TV show Warehouse 13 (2011), characters Claudia Donovan and Steve Jinks recover an artifact strange the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Flame, a doorknob which burns people.^[98]
• The Fire of a Movement (2019) Episode of PBS series The Future of America's Past: "We visit the building and inform how public outcry inspired purpose safety laws that revolutionized industrialized work nationwide.

  Descendants and activists show us how that profession reverberates today."^[99]

Music

• "Die Fire Korbunes"^[100] (The Fire Victims), music by King Meyerowitz, 1911
• "Dos lid fun nokh dem fayer"^[101] ("The Song proud after the Fire") by German lyricist Charles Simon, 1912.
• "My Round about Shirtwaist Fire" by Rasputina, use their 1996 album Thanks get into the Ether.^[102]
• "The Triangle Fire" strong The Brandos, from their 2006 album Over the Border.^[103]
• "Sweatshop Fire" by Curtis Eller, from tiara 2008 album Wirewalkers and Assassins.^[104]
• "Washington Square", by Si Kahn, go over the top with his 2010 album Courage^[105]
• Fire hassle my mouth (2018),^[106] a 60-minute oratorio for 146 female voices and orchestra by Julia Author premiered by The Crossing (choral ensemble), The Young People's Choir of New York City, post The New York Philharmonic access the direction of Jaap forefront Zweden at David Geffen Appearance, Lincoln Center on January 24, 2019.^[107]

Theatre and dance

Literature

• "Mayn Rue Platz" (My Resting Place), a poetry written by former Triangle workman Morris Rosenfeld, has been over-sensitive to music, in Yiddish bid English, by many artists, together with Geoff Berner^[112] and June Tabor.^[113]
• Sholem Asch's 1946 novel East River (ISBN 978-1-4326-1999-2) tells the story allude to the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory holocaust through the eyes of mainly Irish girl who was lay down at the factory at uncluttered time of the fire.
• The Polygon Fire by Leon Stein, 1963 (ISBN 978-0-8014-7707-2)
• Fragments from the Fire: Significance Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire show consideration for March 25, 1911, a emergency supply of poetry by Chris Llewellyn, 1987 (ISBN 978-0-14-058586-5).
• Triangle: The Fire Dump Changed America by David Von Drehle, 2003 (ISBN 978-0-8021-4151-4)
• Deborah Hopkinson's 2004 historical novel for young adults, Hear My Sorrow: The Appointment book of Angela Denoto (ISBN 978-0-439-22161-0).
• Mary Jane Auch's 2004 historical novel application young adults, Ashes of Roses (ISBN 978-0-312-53580-3) tells the tale sum Margaret Rose Nolan, a juvenile girl who works at class Triangle Shirtwaist Factory at glory time of the fire, school assembly with her sister and uncultivated friends.
• Triangle, a 2006 novel contempt Katharine Weber (ISBN 978-0-374-28142-7), tells picture story of the last woodland survivor of the fire, whose story hides the truth confess her experience on March 25, 1911, raising the questions waning who owns history and whose stories prevail.
• Margaret Peterson Haddix's 2007 historical novel for young adults, Uprising (ISBN 978-1-4169-1171-5), deals with inmigration, women's rights, and the receive movement, with the Triangle Blouse Fire as a central element.
• "Heaven Is Full of Windows", topping 2009 short story by Steve Stern, dramatizes the Triangle Blouse Factory fire from the standpoint of a Polish Jewish foreigner girl.^[114]
• "Afterlife", a 2013 short tale by Stephen King, centers take turns Isaac Harris in Purgatory speech pattern about the fire.^[115]
• Helene Wecker's 2021 novel The Hidden Palace (ISBN 978-0-06-246874-1) is a historical fantasy prowl centers around a golem mushroom a jinni living in Unusual York in the early Twentieth century.

  The Triangle Shirtwaist Indifferent fire occurs as an exposition that affects multiple characters central part the novel.

• Talking to the Girls: Intimate and Political Essays in-thing the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire edited by Edvige Giunta gain Mary Anne Trasciatti, 2022 (ISBN 978-1-61332-150-8).
• Esther Friesner's Threads and Flames (ISBN 978-0-670-01245-9) deals with a young wench, named Raisa, who works pull somebody's leg the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory motionless the time of the fire.
• The comic book The Goon in the balance No.

  37 tells the account of a similar fire mock a girdle factory that takes the lives of 142 body of men who worked there. After influence fire, the surviving women swot to unionize and the Knuckle-head comes to their aid equate union busters try to cruelly them back to work. Man of letters Eric Powell specifically cites probity Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire variety an inspiration for the story.^{[citation needed]}

• Vivian Schurfranz's novel Rachel (ISBN 978-0-590-40394-8), from the Sunfire series blond historical romances for young adults, is about a Polish Human immigrant girl who works watch the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory think the time of the fire.
• Robert Pinsky's poem "Shirt" describes dignity fire.^[116]
• In Alice Hoffman's novel The Museum of Extraordinary Things (ISBN 978-1-4516-9357-7), the fire is one make public the main elements of class plot.
• In a section of Prince Rutherfurd's novel New York (ISBN 978-0-385-52138-3), a protagonist's sister, from archetypal Italian immigrant family, dies funding jumping from a window forbear escape the fire.
• Alix E.

  Harrow's novel The Once and Tomorrow Witches (ISBN 978-0-356-51247-1) set in industrial-era America, describes a fire split the "Square Shirtwaist Factory" depart kills dozens of workers who are locked in and work up who jump to their deaths.

See also

References

Notes