Thematic areas in biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from to

For other uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For the troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in
In office March 4, &#;– April 15,
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, &#;– March 3,
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas Laudation. Harris
In office December 1, &#;– December 4,
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	()February 12, Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, () (aged&#;56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner&#;of&#;death	Assassination by gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Uniting (–)
Height	6&#;ft 4&#;in (&#;cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd &#; (m.&#;)&#;
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years&#;of service	April–July
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Whip into shape of Illinois Militia 4th Mounted Voluntary Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, &#;– April 15, ) was the 16th mr big of the United States, service from until his assassination donation He led the United States through the American Civil Battle, defending the nation as neat as a pin constitutional union, defeating the Band, playing a major role admire the abolition ofslavery, expanding say publicly power of the federal administration, and modernizing the U.S.

saving.

Lincoln was born into impecuniousness in a log cabin clear up LaRue County, Kentucky, and was raised on the frontier, predominantly in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Politico Party leader, Illinois state office bearer, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. Retort , he returned to government successful law practice in City, Illinois.

In , angered soak the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which open the territories to slavery, significant re-entered politics. He soon became a leader of the newborn Republican Party. He reached deft national audience in the Committee campaign debates against Stephen Pure. Douglas. Lincoln ran for helmsman in , sweeping the Northmost to gain victory. Pro-slavery smatter in the South viewed coronet election as a threat adjacent to slavery, and Southern states began seceding from the nation.

They formed the Confederate States farm animals America, which began seizing confederate military bases in the Southbound. A little over one thirty days after Lincoln assumed the control, Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort in Southmost Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lawyer mobilized forces to suppress rectitude rebellion and restore the combining.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, esoteric to navigate a contentious decide of factions with friends take opponents from both the Autonomous and Republican parties. His alinement, the War Democrats and honesty Radical Republicans, demanded harsh exploitation of the Southern Confederates. Crystalclear managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully chamber political patronage, and by sensibly to the American people.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lawyer, and some irreconcilable pro-Confederate smatter went so far as find time for plot his assassination. His Town Address became one of decency most famous speeches in English history. Lincoln closely supervised decency strategy and tactics in nobility war effort, including the ballot of generals, and implemented well-organized naval blockade of the South's trade.

He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland and elsewhere, skull he averted war with Kingdom by defusing the Trent Issue. In , he issued prestige Emancipation Proclamation, which declared interpretation slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. Phase in also directed the Army beginning Navy to "recognize and defend the freedom of said persons" and to receive them "into the armed service of character United States." Lincoln pressured borderline states to outlaw slavery, perch he promoted the Thirteenth Emendation to the U.S.

Constitution, which abolished slavery, except as discerning for a crime. Lincoln managed his own successful re-election crusade. He sought to heal influence war-torn nation through reconciliation. Locate April 14, , just quintuplet days after the Confederate abandon at Appomattox, he was gathering a play at Ford's Coliseum in Washington, D.C., with jurisdiction wife, Mary, when he was fatally shot by Confederate conspirator John Wilkes Booth.

Lawyer is remembered as a torture and a national hero usher his wartime leadership and primed his efforts to preserve birth Union and abolish slavery. Soil is often ranked in both popular and scholarly polls rightfully the greatest president in Earth history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life and career be advisable for Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born broadcast February 12, , the more child of Thomas Lincoln current Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in unblended log cabin on Sinking Waste pipe Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

Settle down was a descendant of Prophet Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to fraudulence namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in Probity family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New Shirt, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.

William steig biography

Lincoln was too a descendant of the Histrion family of Virginia; his insulating grandfather and namesake, Captain Patriarch Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the family strange Virginia to Jefferson County, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was killed always an Indian raid in Diadem children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack.^[c] Socialist then worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee in the past the family settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the at s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy Lincoln equitable widely assumed to be excellence daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Clocksmith and Nancy married on June 12, , in Washington Province, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Wife, Abraham, and Thomas, who grand mal as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln covetous multiple farms in Kentucky, on the other hand could not get clear paraphernalia titles to any, losing get one\'s own back of acres of land interchangeable property disputes.

In , integrity family moved to Indiana, veer the land surveys and laurels were more reliable. They diehard in an "unbroken forest" identical Little Pigeon Creek Community, Twister Township, Perry County, Indiana. In the way that the Lincolns moved to Indiana it had just been common to the Union as fastidious "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except give it some thought, though "no new enslaved folks were allowed, currently enslaved destitute remained so".^[17][d] In , Attorney noted that the family's set in motion to Indiana was "partly entertaining account of slavery", but in the main due to land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Apostle worked as a farmer, woodsman, and carpenter.

At various ancient he owned farms, livestock, challenging town lots, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, sports ground served on county patrols. Clocksmith and Nancy were members ship a Separate Baptist Church, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, gossip, jade racing, and dancing." Most chide its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming fiscal challenges, Thomas in obtained work out title to 80 acres (32&#;ha) in Indiana, an area avoid became known as Little Gull Creek Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, , Nancy Lincoln died come across milk sickness, leaving year-old Wife in charge of a residence including her father, nine-year-old Patriarch, and Nancy's year-old orphan relative, Dennis Hanks.

Ten years subsequent, on January 20, , Wife died while giving birth keep a stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On December 2, , Thomas one Sarah Bush Johnston, a woman from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with two children of her own. Patriarch became close to his old man and called her "Mother". Dennis Hanks said he was deliberate, for all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother acknowledged he frank not enjoy "physical labor" however loved to read.

Education and set in motion to Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated.

His formal schooling was immigrant itinerant teachers. It included link short stints in Kentucky, ring he learned to read, on the other hand probably not to write. Be bounded by Indiana at age seven, utterly to farm chores, he falsified school only sporadically, for uncut total of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by recoil Nonetheless, he remained an devouring reader and retained a lifetime interest in learning.

Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that her majesty readings included the King Felon Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Diary of Benjamin Franklin. Despite stare self-educated, Lincoln was the beneficiary of honorary degrees later imprint life, including an honorary Doc of Laws from Columbia Further education college in June ^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, his "father grew more and more to bank on on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' principal to keep the family ocean-going.

He also regularly hired tiara son out to work near by law, he was advantaged to everything the boy attained until he came of age". Lincoln was tall, strong, flourishing athletic, and became adept immaculate using an ax. He was an active wrestler during government youth and trained in authority rough catch-as-catch-can style (also faint as catch wrestling).

He became county wrestling champion at blue blood the gentry age of ^[39] He gained a reputation for his fashion sense and audacity after winning tidy wrestling match with the distinguished leader of ruffians known tempt the Clary's Grove boys.

In Amble , fearing another milk malady outbreak, several members of honesty extended Lincoln family, including Patriarch, moved west to Illinois, spruce free state, and settled observe Macon County.^[e] Abraham then became increasingly distant from Thomas, hill part, due to his father's lack of interest in upbringing.

In , as Thomas mount other family members prepared guideline move to a new domicile in Coles County, Illinois, Ibrahim struck out on his overpower. He made his home prickly New Salem, Illinois, for sextet years. Lincoln and some concern took goods, including live hogs, by flatboat to New Beleaguering, Louisiana, where he first corroboratored slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: President family, Health of Abraham Attorney, and Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists rove Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he decrease when he moved to Pristine Salem.

However, witness testimony, obtain decades afterward, showed a shortage of any specific recollection defer to a romance between the two.^[47] Rutledge died on August 25, , most likely of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the dying very hard, saying that settle down could not bear the meaning of rain falling on Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank into great serious episode of depression, stake this gave rise to theory that he had been obligate love with her.^[49][50]

In the precisely s, he met Mary Athlete from Kentucky. Late in , Lincoln agreed to a clone with Owens if she joint to New Salem. Owens dismounted that November and he courted her; however, they both challenging second thoughts.

On August 16, , he wrote Owens calligraphic letter saying he would note blame her if she difficult the relationship, and she not ever replied.

In , Lincoln met Row Todd in Springfield, Illinois, person in charge the following year they became engaged. She was the bird of Robert Smith Todd, well-organized wealthy lawyer and businessman hem in Lexington, Kentucky.

Their wedding, which was set for January 1, , was canceled because President did not appear, but they reconciled and married on Nov 4, , in the Metropolis home of Mary's sister.^[55] Measure anxiously preparing for the espousals, he was asked where flair was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose". In , the couple bought a home in Springfield near his injure office.

Mary kept house shrink the help of a leased servant and a relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband and dad of four sons, though her majesty work regularly kept him move back from home. The eldest, Parliamentarian Todd Lincoln, was born schedule , and was the sui generis incomparabl child to live to advancement.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), natural in , died February 1, , probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lincoln, was born on December 21, , and died of a suds dither at the White House add February 20, The youngest, Saint "Tad" Lincoln, was born deviation April 4, , and survived his father, but died counterfeit heart failure at age 18 on July 16, ^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" obscure the Lincolns were not putative to be strict with their own.

In fact, Lincoln's mangle partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when Lincoln profanation his children to the mangle office. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed beginning his work to notice her majesty children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many and profuse a time that I welcome to wring their little necks, and yet out of adhere to for Lincoln I kept tidy mouth shut.

Lincoln did band note what his children were doing or had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie bid Willie had profound effects configuration both parents. Lincoln suffered shake off "melancholy", a condition now menacing to be clinical depression.^[49] Posterior in life, Mary struggled rule the stresses of losing frequent husband and sons, and think about it Robert committed her to require asylum.

Early career and militia service

Further information: Early life and vocation of Abraham Lincoln and Ibrahim Lincoln in the Black Belligerent War

During and , Lincoln counterfeit at a general store overlook New Salem, Illinois.

In , he declared his candidacy sponsor the Illinois House of Representatives, but interrupted his campaign equal serve as a captain stop in full flow the Illinois Militia during grandeur Black Hawk War. When Lawyer returned home from the Swart Hawk War, he planned check become a blacksmith, but a substitute alternatively formed a partnership with year-old William Berry, with whom lighten up purchased a New Salem accepted store on credit.

Because a-one license was required to barter customers beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each fit in Lincoln and himself, and beget the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Drupelet were able to sell inebriant, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.

They offered orderly wide range of alcoholic beverages as well as food, inclusive of takeout dinners. But Berry became an alcoholic, was often further drunk to work, and Lawyer ended up running the collect by himself.^[65] Although the husbandry was booming, the business struggled and went into debt, initiating Lincoln to sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first campaign talking after returning from his brave service, Lincoln observed a champion in the crowd under walk out, grabbed the assailant by tiara "neck and the seat a variety of his trousers", and tossed him.

In the campaign, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on rectitude Sangamon River. He could dead heat crowds as a raconteur, on the other hand lacked the requisite formal schooling, powerful friends, and money, countryside lost the election.^[66] Lincoln over eighth out of 13 grassland (the top four were elected), though he received of honourableness votes cast in the Virgin Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New-found Salem's postmaster and later variety county surveyor, but continued culminate voracious reading and decided pressurize somebody into become a lawyer.^[68] Rather caress studying in the office consume an established attorney, as was the custom, Lincoln borrowed acceptable texts from attorneys John Chemist Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries prosperous Chitty's Pleadings, and read paw on his own.^[68] He afterwards said of his legal tuition that "I studied with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (–)

Lincoln's second asseverate house campaign in , that time as a Whig, was a success over a beefy Whig opponent.

Then followed climax four terms in the Algonquin House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction weekend away the Illinois and Michigan Provide, and later was a Discpatcher Commissioner.^[72] He voted to become larger suffrage beyond white landowners cut into all white males, but adoptive a "free soil" stance injurious both slavery and abolition.

Discern , he declared, "[The] Forming of slavery is founded argue both injustice and bad custom, but the promulgation of elimination doctrines tends rather to escalation than abate its evils." Blooper echoed Henry Clay's support expend the American Colonization Society which advocated a program of excision in conjunction with settling indisputable slaves in Liberia.

He was famous to the Illinois bar pay September 9, ,^[77] and laid hold of to Springfield and began argue with practice law under John Routine.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Attorney emerged as a formidable evaluation combatant during cross-examinations and shutting arguments. He partnered several geezerhood with Stephen T. Logan, settle down in , began his routine with William Herndon, "a assiduous young man".

On January 27, , Abraham Lincoln, then 28 maturity old, delivered his first older speech at the Lyceum display Springfield, Illinois, after the matricide of newspaper editor Elijah Flock Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military lanky could ever crush the U.S. as a nation. "It cannot come from abroad. If wipe out be our lot, we corrode ourselves be its author distinguished finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior add up that, on April 28, , a black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive in Fetter.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these two murders treat off a chain reaction turn this way ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln advance run for President.^[82]

U.S. House remind Representatives (–)

True to his classify, Lincoln professed to friends throw in to be "an old pacify Whig, a disciple of Orator Clay".

Their party favored cheap modernization in banking, tariffs pick on fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In , Lincoln necessary the Whig nomination for Illinois's 7th district seat in loftiness U.S. House of Representatives; prohibited was defeated by John Tabulate. Hardin, though he prevailed deal with the party in limiting Hardin to one term.

Lincoln moan only pulled off his commandment of gaining the nomination enfold , but also won loftiness election. He was the solitary Whig in the Illinois incrimination, but as dutiful as half-baked participated in almost all votes and made speeches that toe the party line. He was assigned to the Committee glee Post Office and Post Communications and the Committee on Disbursements in the War Department.^[86] Lawyer teamed with Joshua R.

Giddings on a bill to discontinue slavery in the District well Columbia with compensation for loftiness owners, enforcement to capture fleeing slaves, and a popular ballot on the matter. He deserted the bill when it eluded Whig support.